FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES

The oil was extracted from tropical almond seed using Soxhlet apparatus and hexane .The oil obtained was characterized. The moisture obtained was 21.60% , saponification value 216mgKOH/g, acid value 6.4mgKOH/g , peroxide value 6mEq 03/kg, Ash content 4.8%, iodine value 86mg/100g, Density value 0.87, pH8.04 and free fatty acid 8.2. The chemical properties of oil showed that the oil contain high saponification value with low iodine value hence the oil is not recommended for soap making but for cosmetics industries, essential
ingredients for body development.

This research gives attention to the non-energy use of Lignite samples collected from Ohordua
town of Edo State and Azagba-Ogwashi in Delta State. A total of six composite Lignite
samples,from ten sampled points were subjected to analytical study, with a view to determining
their humic content and properties for use in soil beneficiation and conditioning.Proximate and
Ultimate analytical technique was used to characterize the lignite from which humic acid was
extracted under alkaline condition, and precipitated using acidic medium of 6M HCl.X-Ray
Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analytical methods were employed to determine the
mineralogical and elemental composition of the samples respectively,while Ultra-Violent visible
spectroscopy was used for organic characterization of the humic acid.Proximate analyses of the
Lignite show percentage composition of Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi Lignite
respectively,Fixed Carbon (65.22 wt% and 67.16wt%),Moisture Content (26 wt% and 25.4wt%)
and Ash (5.02 wt% and 4.5 wt%).Ultimate analyses shows Hydrogen (6.60 wt% and 6.22wt%), Nitrogen (1.34 wt% and 1.19wt%,) Sulphur (0.77 wt% and 0.70wt%), Oxygen (26.07 wt% and
24.73 wt%), for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi respectively.The analytical results suggest the
existing lignite with varying thickness is of Lignite rank. The Ultimate analyses of the extracted
Humic acid show Carbon (57.5wt% and 55.8wt%)%, Hydrogen (5.1 wt% and 3.9wt%), Nitrogen
(2.5 wt% and 1.1wt%), Sulphur (Nil and 0.3wt%) and Oxygen (34.9 wt% and 38.9wt%,) for
Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively.The mineralogical composition in the lignite
samples shows Kaolinite was the main clay mineral identified. Non clay minerals such as
anorthite, drierite, yeelimite, spurite, belite, wollastonite, hematite, pyrite, bauxite and quartz
were detected.For Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy characterization of the Humic Acid, E2/E3
and E4/E6 absorption values for Ohordua (21.69 and 4.50) respectively, while Azagba-Ogwashi
reveal (19.39 and 4.6) respectively. The humic substance has percentage aromaticity values of
33.90% and 34.06%, total acidity has 10.4% and 10.1%, COOH has 3.4% and 3.3%, Phenolic
has 7.0% and 6.8% and acidity ratio has 0.49% and 0.48%, for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively which depicts the Humic Acid has a high degree of Humification and a very good
total acidity ratio. Results from this research indicate that the Lignite from both locations are
similar in geochemistry, mineralogy and organic properties. Although,humification is high in
both samples, Ohordua Lignite with lesser aromaticity and E4/E6 ratio, higher E2/E3 ratio and
higher acidity ratio is more suitable for soil beneficiation and conditioning than that of Azagba- Ogwashi.

This research work examined the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. The data used was a
secondary data obtained from World Bank on twenty -three observations. The research studied
the relationship between unemployment rate and population growth in Nigeria using the chi
square analysis, it also examined the impact of inflation, population growth and unemployment
rate on GDP using the kruskal Wallis analysis. The Analysis shows that unemployment does not
depend on population growth and also population growth and unemployment rate show a
significant effect on GDP while inflation does not exhibit statistically significant relationship in
the analysis, and unemployment rate show an increasing trend. Based on the outcome of the
research it was recommended that government should support and provide incentives for
entrepreneurship, encouraging others to start businesses and create job opportunities for others.

This research work examined the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. The data used was a secondary data obtained from World Bank on twenty -three observations. The research studied the relationship between unemployment rate and population growth in Nigeria using the chi square analysis, it also examined the impact of inflation, population growth and unemployment rate on GDP using the kruskal Wallis analysis. The Analysis shows that unemployment does not depend on population growth and also population growth and unemployment rate show a significant effect on GDP while inflation does not exhibit statistically significant relationship in the analysis, and unemployment rate show an increasing trend. Based on the outcome of the research it was recommended that government should support and provide incentives for entrepreneurship, encouraging others to start businesses and create job opportunities for others.

This study examined the factors influencing teaching and learning of mathematics in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent to which :the perception of teachers, the methodology of teachers ,shortage of instructional material, and shortage of qualified teachers influenced the teaching and learning of Mathematics secondary school.
The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of study comprised of all the 565 (five hundred and sixty five) Mathematics teachers in the sixteen (16) public secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area The study adopted the simple random sampling technique in selecting 28 (twenty eight) Mathematics teachers from five randomly selected schools. A structured questionnaire titled: Factors influencing the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics Questionnaire (MAFTQ) was used for data collection. To analyze the data collected, the research questions were answered using descriptive statistics such as simple mean and standard deviation. The results indicated that the perception of the teachers influences the teaching and learning of Mathematics, teachers’ Methodology influences the teaching and learn of Mathematics, Inadequacy Instructional Facilities affects the teaching and learning of Mathematics, Inadequacy of qualified teachers influences the teaching and learning of Mathematics in secondary schools. Based on the results of this study, it was recommended that: There should be adoption of learner centred methods by teachers to accelerate the stimulation and retention of learners interest in the teaching and learning process thereby enhancing students comprehension of concept taught in class, There is need for government and other stakeholders in the education industry to regularly and periodically organize in-service seminars for teachers to be adequately equipped with skills to impart knowledge to students to assimilate Mathematics topics, Government should increase her annual budgetary allocation to secondary school education to facilitate the procurement of instructional resources in the teaching of Mathematics in secondary schools.
There should be regular and periodic training of Mathematics teachers to adequately equip them and to keep abreast with modern instructional strategies in the teaching of the subject as it would facilitate an enhancement in the quality of the instructional delivery inherent in the subject.

ABSTRACT
This research gives attention to the non-energy use of Lignite samples collected from
Ohordua town of Edo State and Azagba-Ogwashi in Delta State. A total of six composite
Lignite samples,from ten sampled points were subjected to analytical study, with a view to
determining their humic content and properties for use in soil beneficiation and
conditioning.Proximate and Ultimate analytical technique was used to characterize the
lignite from which humic acid was extracted under alkaline condition, and precipitated using
acidic medium of 6M HCl.X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analytical methods
were employed to determine the mineralogical and elemental composition of the samples
respectively,while Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy was used for organic characterization of
the humic acid.Proximate analyses of the Lignite show percentage composition of Ohordua
and Azagba-Ogwashi Lignite respectively,Fixed Carbon (65.22 wt% and
67.16wt%),Moisture Content (26 wt% and 25.4wt%) and Ash (5.02 wt% and 4.5
wt%).Ultimate analyses shows Hydrogen (6.60 wt% and 6.22wt%), Nitrogen (1.34 wt% and
1.19wt%,) Sulphur (0.77 wt% and 0.70wt%), Oxygen (26.07 wt% and 24.73 wt%), for
Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi respectively.The analytical results suggest the existing lignite
with varying thickness is of Lignite rank. The Ultimate analyses of the extracted Humic acid
show Carbon (57.5wt% and 55.8wt%)%, Hydrogen (5.1 wt% and 3.9wt%), Nitrogen (2.5
wt% and 1.1wt%), Sulphur (Nil and 0.3wt%) and Oxygen (34.9 wt% and 38.9wt%,) for
Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively.The mineralogical composition in the lignite
samples shows Kaolinite was the main clay mineral identified. Non clay minerals such as
anorthite, drierite, yeelimite, spurite, belite, wollastonite, hematite, pyrite, bauxite and quartz
were detected.For Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy characterization of the Humic Acid, E2/E3 and E4/E6 absorption values for Ohordua (21.69 and 4.50) respectively, while Azagba- Ogwashi reveal (19.39 and 4.6) respectively. The humic substance has percentage aromaticity
values of 33.90% and 34.06%, total acidity has 10.4% and 10.1%, COOH has 3.4% and 3.3%, Phenolic has 7.0% and 6.8% and acidity ratio has 0.49% and 0.48%, for Ohordua and
Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively which depicts the Humic Acid has a high degree of
Humification and a very good total acidity ratio. Results from this research indicate that the
Lignite from both locations are similar in geochemistry, mineralogy and organic properties. Although,humification is high in both samples, Ohordua Lignite with lesser aromaticity and
E4/E6 ratio, higher E2/E3 ratio and higher acidity ratio is more suitable for soil beneficiation
and conditioning than that of Azagba-Ogwashi.

This project work deals with the study of Euler's method for solving
initial value problems using MATLAB. It sheds light on the challenges
commonly encountered when manually implementing numerical methods
for solving differential equations. It also emphasizes MATLAB’s
advantages, such as time savings, improved speed, and enhanced
accuracy, over traditional manual computations.

Numerical schemes for the integration of stiff initial value problems are required to possess wide region of absolute stability which include the entire left of the complex plane. Numerical schemes that are explicit usually do not attain the requirement for integration of stiff initial value problems. In this study, implicit second derivative Runge
Kutta methods are constructed for the integration of stiff initial value problems. A family of generalised second derivative mono-implicit Runge-Kutta (GSDMIRK) method is derived using the method of Tailor series expansion.
The proposed GSDMIRK methods are 𝐴-stable for stage 𝑠=3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4 and 𝐴(∝)-stable for ��=5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6. Numerical experiments show that the GSDMIRK methods perform better when compared to some numerical algorithms in the literature.

Numerical schemes for the integration of stiff initial value problems are required to possess wide region of absolute stability which include the entire left of the complex plane. Numerical schemes that are explicit usually do not attain the requirement for
integration of stiff initial value problems. In this study, implicit second derivative Runge Kutta methods are constructed for the integration of stiff initial value problems. A family of generalised second derivative mono-implicit Runge-Kutta (GSDMIRK) method is derived using the method of Tailor series expansion. The proposed GSDMIRK methods are 𝐴-stable for stage 𝑠=3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4 and 𝐴(∝)-stable for ��=5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6. Numerical experiments show that the GSDMIRK methods perform better when compared to some numerical algorithms in the literature.