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Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition characterized by the persistent inability to achieve or sustain penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance standard. The condition often arises from impaired relaxation of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle, a physiological process essential for penile erection, as it permits increased arterial inflow and blood retention within the penile tissue. Disruption of this mechanism is a major contributor to ED, making the corpus cavernosum a primary target for pharmacological intervention. Conventional management typically involves phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, such as sildenafil and tadalafil, which enhance nitric oxide–mediated smooth muscle relaxation. However, prolonged use of these agents has been linked to undesirable side effects and contraindications in certain individuals, thereby increasing the interest in natural alternatives derived from medicinal plants with established traditional aphrodisiac uses. The therapeutic potential of plant-derived agents for ED treatment has gained increasing attention because they are derived from natural sources and show reduced toxicity while targeting multiple biological pathways.
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