DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

the study” the impact ofpopulation growth on poverty rate in Nigeria ” seeks to examine howpopulation growth influences the rate ofpoverty in Nigeria. The study utilized data covering the period from 1981 to 2022. The model is logged and estimated and the data stationary is obtained using ADF test for unit root. The empiricalfindings shows that population growth has a negative and insignificant impact on poverty rate while Unemployment rate, Real Gross Domestic Product and inflation rate has apositive and insignificant impact onpoverty rate in Nigeria.This study therefore recommends that there should be a more comprehensive approach to poverty reduction, by addressing the multiple dimensions ofpoverty and promoting inclusive and sustainable development. Resources should be provided and directed strategically in order to make meaningful progress in the reduction ofpoverty rate and improving the lives of the growing population in Nigeria

This study examined the impact of government size on economic growth in Nigeria for the period of 1981-2019. The main objective of this research work is to examine the impact of government size on economic growth in Nigeria. The study used Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) to examine the relationship between government size and economic growth in Nigeria. The study found that the level of total government
expenditure is positively and significantly related to the Real GDP and exchange rate is negatively related to the Real GDP and gross fixed capital form ation is negatively related to the Real GDP and inflation is also negatively related to the Real GDP. The study therefore recommends that conscious efforts should be taken by the government to increase budgetary allocation to productive sectors of the economy for public spending which a key factor that contributes greatly to economic growth and development. It is essential for financing infrastructure, including roads, electricity, and water. Also, excessive increase in governmentexpenditure has to be checked. Government needs to make sure that increment in government expenditure does not hurt the economy, particularly the welfare of people within the country

The broad objective of this study is to examine the effect of fiscal policy and aggregate economic activities on economic growth in Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study four hypothesis were formulated to guide the study, literature review was carried out on the variables and hypothesis of the study. A dynamic equation is specified to describe the relationship between the dependent variable RGDP and the independent variable GDP = f(Tax, HDC, GINV, TRN, SAVS). the study examined fiscal policy, aggregate economic activities and economic growth in Nigeria utilizing annual time series data for the period of 1981 to 2021. This research employed the following methods for analysis: Descriptive Statistics, Unit Root test, Co-Integration test, granger causality test and vector autoregressive technique of estimation. Based on the results of empirical analysis, it can be ascertained that there is sufficient evidence to indicate that fiscal policy, aggregate economic activities have long run relationship with economic growth in Nigeria as the trace statistics and max Eigen value test indicate a case of co-integration among the variables. However, according to the VECM result fiscal policy is not significant in influencing economic in the short run while in the long run it significantly influences economic growth. Consumption both first and second period lags significantly influences economic growth in Nigeria while investment seems not influence economic growth in Nigeria. Thus, it can be concluded, that fiscal policy and consumption drives economic growth in Nigeria while investment does not

This study investigated the impact of exchange rate fluctuation on economic development in Nigeria. the study adopted the expo facto research design to source aggregate data from Central Bank of Nigeria CBN statistical bulletin from 1984 to 2022. The data was analysed using the Johansen co-integration test, serial correlation tests, Ramsey test, Unit Root Test ADF, and the Error Correction Mechanism ECM. The result showed that exchange rate reset have a positive significant impact on economic development in Nigeria. The result also showed that inflation and institutional quality has significant impact on exchange rate fluctuation in Nigeria, and that there exist bi-casuality between exchange rate fluctuation and economic development in Nigeria. The study recommended that for small-scale enterprises to engage in raw materials processing for export promotion, the government should provide incentives, such as loan subsidies and other forms of support. the government ought to support export-oriented policies in order to a positive exchange rate balance.

This study empirically examined the impact of external debt burden on infrastructural growth in Nigeria from 1981-2018. Being a time series data, and to avoid spurious regression result in our model, a test for stationary of the data using Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test was carried out. The variables; infrastructural growth, domestic debt, external debt, exchange rate, and interest rate were found to be stationary at their first differences. Then, an ARDL Bound Co-integration technique was used to establish if the stationary variables are co-integrated in the long-run. The finding indicates that the variables were found to be co-integrated in the long run. Further, an ARDL was employed to obtain long run coefficients of the respective regressors. The ARDL result revealed that Domestic Debt (negative impact), Exchange Rate (negative impact), and Interest Rate (positive impact) exerts a significant influence on infrastructural growth while External Debt (positive impact) was found to be insignificantly related to the growth of infrastructures in Nigeria. It recommends amongst others, that the government should as a matter of priority create more favourable institutional policy and regulatory framework to meet up these challenges. On the whole, there is need for the policymakers to adopt policy framework consistent with availability of external finance that is credibly maintained. Conclusively, infrastructure growth is one of major elements of structural reforms in developing economy like Nigeria because of its expected large economic and social impact.

This paper examines the impact of value added tax and budget deficit on economic performance in Nigeria. The main objective of this study is to examine the interrelationship among value added tax, budget deficit and economic performance proxied as gross domestic product (GDP) in Nigeria during the period under study. The study utilized aggregate annual data from 1980 to 2018. The data was analyzed with the co-integration/ VECM method. The major findings are: the test for stationary using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) which showed that all the variables except budget deficit were not stationary in levels but were all stationary in first difference. The Johansen-Juselius co-integration techniques were employed in testing for long run equilibrium
relationship among the variables and the results indicated that co-integrating relationship was found among the variables. The coefficient of determination reveals that about 88% of the systematic variation in the dependent variable (GDP) is explained by the five independent variables which are value added tax, budget deficit, exchange rate, consumer price index and real interest rate. Also, the vector error correction model (VECM) shows that about 22% of the discrepancy between the actual and the long run or equilibrium value in the real gross domestic product is corrected or eliminated each year. Furthermore, the result revealed that value added tax, budget deficit, and exchange rate has positive and insignificant effect on GDP in Nigeria, while consumer price index has positive and significant impact on GDP in Nigeria based on the magnitude and the level of significance of the coefficient and p-value. The result also reveals that there is long run relationship between value added tax, budget deficit and gros domestic product as evidenced by the VECM. The paper concluded that Government and policy makers should carefully study the present state of the economy and properly estimate the effects of various alternative policy measures of financing fiscal deficits. And also government should supervise the collection of VAT revenue to ensure orderly, fair and equitable dealings in the collection of VAT revenue and to forestall illegal deals by privilege insiders so as to raise the revenue as effectively and efficiently as possible.

Background: human beings engage in a number of activities such as extractions and mining, manufacturing, transportation, agricultural cultivation (e.g., bush burning), food and mineral processing, as well as other anthropogenic activities that exert significant impact on the environment. The adversative consequence of environmental emission on human habitation, food production, human migration and human health is significantly felt through the decline in average life span of humans. Objective and methodology: This study evaluated the effects of environmental emissions on life expectancy with particular emphasis on Nigeria. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and bounds testing approach was utilized in analyzing the data to be employed in this study. In addition, the study employed annual data set for a period of fifty (50) years spanning 1970 to 2019. Similarly, data on Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions in Nigeria (million tonnes), Methane emissions (million tonnes) in Nigeria and Nitrous Oxide emissions (million tonnes) in Nigeria were derived from the Global Carbon Project (2020), while data on per capita income was obtained from World Development Indicators of the World Bank (2020). Similarly, data on Life expectancy at birth (years)
was sourced from the United Nations World Population Prospects (2019). Results: The coefficient of Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions was negative in the short run estimated results. However, it was positive in the long run. similarly, Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions was statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run and short run estimation results respectively. Similarly, the coefficient of Methane emissions was negative and statistically significant at 1% critical level in the short run estimation results. Also, the result indicated that Methane emissions was negative and statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run estimation results. Furthermore, the coefficient of Nitrous Oxide emissions was positive both in the short run and long run estimation results. The result further established that while the coefficient of Nitrous Oxide emissions was statistically significant at 10% critical level in the short run, it became statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run. Similarly, the coefficient of real GDP per capita was positive both in the short run and long run estimation results in the period of assessment. The result further established that while the coefficient of real GDP per capita was statistically insignificant in the short run, it was found to be statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run estimation results. Recommendations: It was recommended that the Nigeria should adopt a stringent environmental control measures that will help reposition the country’s environment through enhanced carbon control policy. Specifically, it is recommended that Carbon Taxes should be introduced to help reduce the unwarranted industrial processes contributing a large volume of the total greenhouse gas emissions increase in the country. To mitigate the negative effects of Methane emission gases, there is an urgent need to draft relevant policies to regulate all human activities that trigger the release of methane gases into the ecosystem especially in the area of production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil, livestock and other agricultural practices, land use and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills. The moribund environmental regulations should be reactivated to ensure the reduction of Methane emissions across the 774 local government areas in Nigeria. it was also recommended that the government and all relevant stakeholders in the agricultural and industrial sectors to work collaboratively in ensuring that policy effort are implemented to limit the frequent release of Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in the course of agricultural, land use, industrial activities, combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste, as well as during treatment of wastewater.

The study employs yearly data from 1980 to 2021 to analyze the Balance of Payments in Nigeria. Its primary objective is to explore the long-term determinants of Nigeria's Balance of Payments. The investigation employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The long-run ARDL regression findings indicate a negative exchange rate effect, while the short-run results show a positive value. Furthermore, the coefficients for FDI, GDP growth, interest rates, and crude oil prices are all positive and statistically significant. The research suggests a compelling case for government intervention to stimulate economic productivity. To foster economic growth, capital investment and expenditure are crucial. The government should entice foreign investment by providing incentives to potential foreign investors. Additionally, the government should enhance security and establish a sense of belonging in the Niger Delta to promote peace and ease of operations in the oil industry

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is often seen as a driver of economic development, bringing capital, technology, and expertise to various sectors, including healthcare. However, its impact on health expenditure in Nigeria remains unclear. This study examines the relationship between FDI and health expenditure in Nigeria using secondary time-series data from 1990 to 2023, sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).The dependency theory forms the theoretical framework of the study. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square regression method was
employed to assess whether FDI significantly influences health expenditure while accounting for economic growth and government expenditure. The findings reveal that while FDI shows a positive relationship with health expenditure, its impact is statistically insignificant. In contrast, economic growth significantly contributes to increased health spending, highlighting its crucial role in healthcare financing. Interestingly, government expenditure on health appears to have a negative effect, raising concerns about inefficiencies in public healthcare investment. Additionally, due to data limitations, the study could not fully assess FDI’s impact on healthcare accessibility, quality, and private sector investment, leaving room for further investigation.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is often seen as a driver of economic development, bringing capital, technology, and expertise to various sectors, including healthcare. However, its impact on health expenditure in Nigeria remains unclear. This study examines the relationship between FDI and health expenditure in Nigeria using secondary time-series data from 1990 to 2023, sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).The dependency theory forms the theoretical framework of the study. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square regression method was employed to assess whether FDI significantly influences health expenditure while accounting for economic growth and government expenditure. The findings reveal that while FDI shows a positive relationship with health expenditure, its impact is statistically insignificant. In contrast, economic growth significantly contributes to increased health spending, highlighting its crucial role in healthcare financing. Interestingly, government expenditure on health appears to have a negative effect, raising concerns about inefficiencies in public healthcare investment. Additionally, due to data limitations, the study could not fully assess FDI’s impact on healthcare accessibility, quality, and private sector investment, leaving room for further investigation