COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF BOVINE BLOOD SAMPLE ANTICOAGULATED WITH HEPARIN, EDTA AND HEPARIN-LIKE ISOLATE FROM PALM OIL ON LIVER ENZYMES AND PROTEIN

This study investigated the anticoagulant activity of a heparin-like compound extracted from crude palm oil and compared its biochemical effects with standard sodium heparin and EDTA using bovine blood samples stored for seven days. Fresh bovine blood (50 mL) was collected into pre￾dosed containers with each anticoagulant, centrifuged to obtain plasma, and analyzed on days 1, 3, and 7 respectively using standard spectrophotometric methods: Reitman-Frankel for transaminases, King-Armstrong for ALP, biuret for total protein, BCG for albumin, and Jendrassik￾Grof for bilirubin. The plant-derived isolate was obtained through alkaline saponification, ethanol precipitation, and chloroform bleaching, and its anticoagulant concentration was determined as 0.0006 mg/mL using Howell’s clotting time assay, showing potency comparable to heparin (0.002 mg/mL). Enzymatic analysis revealed that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values ranged from 259.00 xiv ± 1.07 – 252.50 ± 0.50 IU/L for the isolate, 254.20 ± 0.67 – 249.40 ± 0.55 IU/L for heparin, and 234.00 ± 0.51 – 229.80 ± 0.45 IU/L for EDTA. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels ranged from 78.93 ± 0.04 – 76.00 ± 0.30 IU/L for the isolate, 95.92 ± 0.10 – 91.80 ± 0.55 IU/L for heparin, and 80.30 ± 0.24 – 75.60 ± 0.67 IU/L for EDTA. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ranged from 85.78 ± 0.20 – 92.20 ± 0.44 IU/L for the isolate, 70.40 ± 0.68 – 280.40 ± 0.34 IU/L for heparin, and 67.50 ± 0.51 – 250.30 ± 0.32 IU/L for EDTA. Total protein ranged from 5.90 ± 0.10 – 5.60 ± 0.10 g/dL for the isolate, 5.60 ± 0.10 – 5.40 ± 0.14 g/dL for heparin, and 5.10 ± 0.10 – 4.90 ± 0.12 g/dL for EDTA. Albumin levels were 5.89 ± 0.08 – 5.56 ± 0.11 g/dL for the isolate, 5.56 ± 0.11 – 5.40 ± 0.14 g/dL for heparin, and 5.40 ± 0.14 – 5.20 ± 0.10 g/dL for EDTA, while globulin ranged from 4.00 ± 0.10 – 3.80 ± 0.09 g/dL for the isolate, 3.80 ± 0.09 – 3.60 ± 0.12 g/dL for heparin, and 3.50 ± 0.08 – 3.20 ± 0.11 g/dL for EDTA. Conjugated bilirubin ranged from 1.392 ± 0.01 – 1.280 ± 0.02 mg/dL (isolate), 1.222 ± 0.02 – 1.100 ± 0.03 mg/dL (heparin), and 0.952 ± 0.01 – 0.900 ± 0.02 mg/dL (EDTA). The plant-derived heparin-like isolate showed effective anticoagulant activity, however, improvements in sample handling are required for better results