CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of blending ratios of Jatropha biodiesel with fossil diesel on compression ignition engines. The main goal is to compare the physical and chemical properties of Jatropha biodiesel and fossil diesel and evaluate engine performance, such as power output, torque, and fuel consumption, for different blend ratios and also examine the emissions characteristics (TVOC, CO, PM) that arise from various blend compositions. Physiochemical analysis confirms the suitability of esterified Jatropha oil for industrial applications. Engine performance tests reveal favourable metrics for biodiesel blends, with varying emissions characteristics across blends. Operational assessment indicates blenddependent differences in construction time, emissions, and particulate matter. Cost-benefit analysis shows economic feasibility and environmental benefits of Jatropha biodiesel. The optimal blending ratio considering performance, emissions, and economic factors suggested B30 and B40 blends for specialized applications and B10 for general use.

Various fossil fuels such as oil, coal, natural gas, etc are being depended upon
by the worlds present economy. • The excessive consumption of fossil fuels especially in large urban areas, has
resulted in the generation of high level of pollution over the years. • The anticipated scarcity of fossil fuels prompted the search for petroleum
derivative substitutes. • This search resulted in the discovery of an alternative fuel known as
"biodiesel."
• Biodiesel is the alkyl ester of fatty acids produced by the transesterification of
oils or fats derived from plants or animals with short chain alcohols such as
methanol and ethanol.

This study explores the synthesis of biodiesel from Neem Seed Oil (NSO) using a novel bifunctional catalyst derived from fish scales and cabbage back. The primary aim was to optimize the simultaneous esterification and trans-esterification processes through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to enhance biodiesel yield and quality. The research also sought to address the challenges associated with conventional biodiesel production methods, such as high costs, environmental impact, and the need for sustainable catalysts. By utilizing waste materials as catalysts, this study aimed to promote a more eco-friendly and economically viable approach to biodiesel roduction. The methodology involved the preparation and characterization of the bifunctional catalyst, which was synthesized from fish scales (basic precursor) and cabbage back (acid precursor). The catalyst was prepared through calcination, carbonization, and impregnation processes. Neem Seed Oil was characterized for its physicochemical properties, including acid value, saponification value, and viscosity, to ensure its suitability as a feedstock. The optimization of biodiesel production was conducted using RSM, with variables such as methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and time being systematically varied. The experimental design included 50 runs, and the resulting products were analyzed for biodiesel yield and quality.
The results indicated that no biodiesel formation occurred under the tested conditions, suggesting potential issues with the catalyst's effectiveness or the reaction parameters. Despite the lack of biodiesel production, the study provided valuable insights into the challenges of using waste- derived catalysts and highlighted the need for further optimization of catalyst preparation and reaction conditions. The characterization of NSO confirmed its potential as a viable feedstock, with properties suitable for diesel production. Future research should focus on refining the vicatalyst synthesis process, optimizing reaction conditions, and exploring alternative feedstocks to achieve successful biodiesel production using sustainable and cost-effective methods.