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Abstract
Soil contamination by heavy metals especially chromium (vi) oxide is a major environmental concern due to its toxicity and persistence inagricultural soils. This study investigated the effect of chromium (VI) oxide on the growth and anatomy of Sorghum bicolor to assess its tolerance and sensitivity. Sorghum seeds were subjected to five concentrations of chromium (VI) oxide (0, 30, 50, 70, and 100 ppm) in soil, under a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates per treatment. Growth parameters, including germination percentage, plant height, stem girth and number of leaves, were studied and recorded up to six weeks after planting (WAP). Anatomical analyses of root and stem transverse sections were performed to assess internal tissue responses. Results showed a concentration specific decline in all growth parameters, with the control plants exhibiting the highest mean values for germination percentage (20.00%), plant height (59.50cm) and stem girth (0.84cm) and the least values for germination percentage (10.75%), plant height (36.00cm) and stem girth (0.76) recorded for plants grown in 100 ppm Cr6+ treatment. Vegetative growth parameters decreased with increasing chromium concentration, indicating growth suppression. Anatomical observations revealed darkening of the epiblema and loss of cortical cells in the root of plants as well as deposition of crystal-like substance is observed in the cortex of the stem of plants exposed to higher chromium levels. These alterations indicate that chromium induces oxidative stress and structural injury, disrupting normal cell function and secondary growth. The findings support that chromium (VI) exerts significant inhibitory effects on both morphological and anatomical development of Pennisetum glaucum, emphasizing the detrimental impact of chromium contamination on crop productivity.
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